Brake dust emissions from electric and internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles pose a significant health risk, with new research suggesting they may be more harmful than diesel exhaust.
A study conducted by the University of Southampton found that particulate emissions from certain brake pads can trigger lung inflammation and may contribute to respiratory illnesses.
See also: New Study Finds Electric Vehicles Now Match, and Often Outlast, Gas-Powered Cars in Reliability
While electric vehicles (EVs) rely on regenerative braking to reduce wear on friction brakes, their heavier weight results in higher dust emissions when traditional braking is used. Researchers examined four types of brake pads, including semi-metallic, hybrid ceramic, non-asbestos organic, and low metallic variants.
The study identified non-asbestos organic pads as particularly harmful, linking their copper content to respiratory diseases such as asthma and chronic pulmonary conditions.
Regulations to limit copper in brake pads have been implemented in some U.S. states, primarily to protect aquatic ecosystems rather than human health. Meanwhile, the European Unionās Euro 7 emissions standards, set to take effect in 2026, will introduce restrictions on brake dust emissions for new vehicles. However, non-tailpipe emissions, including those from brakes and tires, remain largely unregulated globally.
As EVs gain popularity for their environmental benefits, concerns over their increased weight and related tire and brake pollution are drawing attention. While regenerative braking reduces friction brake use, experts suggest further regulations may be needed to address non-tailpipe pollutants from all vehicle types.
See also: Global Battery Materials Supply Adequate for EV Transition, Study Finds